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The Viking Way – Religion and War in Late Iron Age Scandinavia

The_Viking_WayThe Viking Way: Religion and War in Late Iron Age Scandinavia

Magic, sorcery and witchcraft are among the most common themes of the great medieval Icelandic sagas and poems, the problematic yet vital sources that provide our primary textual evidence for the Viking Age that they claim to describe. Yet despite the consistency of this picture, surprisingly little archaeological or historical research has been done to explore what this may really have meant to the men and women of the time.

This book examines the evidence for Old Norse sorcery, looking at its meaning and function, practice and practitioners, and the complicated constructions of gender and sexual identity with which these were underpinned. Combining strong elements of eroticism and aggression, sorcery appears as a fundamental domain of women’s power, linking them with the gods, the dead and the future. Their battle spells and combat rituals complement the men’s physical acts of fighting, in a supernatural empowerment of the Viking way of life. What emerges is a fundamentally new image of the world in which the Vikings understood themselves to move, in which magic and its implications permeated every aspect of a society permanently geared for war. In this fully revised and expanded second edition, Neil Price takes us with him on a tour through the sights and sounds of this undiscovered country, meeting its human and otherworldly inhabitants, including the Sami with whom the Norse partly shared this mental landscape. On the way we explore Viking notions of the mind and soul, the fluidity of the boundaries that they drew between humans and animals, and the immense variety of their spiritual beliefs. We find magic in the Vikings’ bedrooms and on their battlefields, and we meet the sorcerers themselves through their remarkable burials and the tools of their trade.

Combining archaeology, history and literary scholarship with extensive studies of Germanic and circumpolar religion, this multi-award-winning book shows us the Vikings as we have never seen them before.

The Viking Way: Religion and War in Late Iron Age Scandinavia
By Neil Price
Published by the Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University 2002. New edition will be published 2014 by Oxbow
ISBN:         91-506-1626-9

Viking Ships

viking-ships-museumViking Ship Museum Boats

The Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde is the Danish museum for ships and shipping in prehistoric and medieval times. The museum collection is based on the five viking ships which were excavated at Skuldelev in 1962 and through reconstructions of those and other vessels, the museum aims to bring life to the archaeological finds. The boat collection continues to grow and reveals how the wooden vessels of today still show visible evidence of having viking forefathers – it has not been necessary to change the basic principles of boat construction in a thousand years! The book provides an overview of the various boat types in the collection. Leveringstid kan forekomme.

 The Viking Ships Museum Boats
By Max Vinner
Vikingeskibsmuseet 2002
ISBN 978-87-85180-48-3.
Price: €20

Viking Ship Roskilde 6

Viking 2013

Viking – The National Museum of Denmark Special Exihibition 2013 – English Catalogue

Viking 2013
By Peter Pentz, Gareth Williams, Matthias Wemhoff (ed)
The National Museum of Denmark and the British Museum 2013
ISBN: 9788776022006

Catalogue covering this year’s massive Viking exhibition. The book spans 288 impressive pages, containing vivid colour photo and exciting information about the Viking age. The exhibition’s focal point is the 37 meter Viking ship, Ægir, and the Vikings as travelers, warriors, politicians and merchants. Beside the ship, the exhibition contains several objects and some recent archaeological finds, which have never been shown to the public before. The catalogue is very well written and presents a fresh and new scientifically grounded vision of what the Vikings were all about. Highly recommended!

The catalogue is a perfect supplement to the exhibition, which is open from June 22. – November 17. 2013 at The National Museum in Copenhagen. The exhibition then moves onto London and Berlin.

Read more about the exhibition

 

More good reads about the Vikings and lots of other merchandise may be found in the Museum Shop at the National Museum in Copenhagen

 

lewis-chess-bishop

My Lord Bishop – Chronicles and the Construction of Medieval Episcopal Identity

My Lord Bishop: Chronicles and the Construction of Episcopal Identity in Late Medieval England

ABSTRACT:

The article compares and contrasts late medieval models of episcopal identity in ‘local’ and ‘national’ chronicles. In the ‘national’ chronicles of Henry Knighton and Thomas Walsingham, bishops were constructed as models (both good and bad) of the exercise of sacral power as martyr saints, martial figures, and learned combatants of heresy. By contrast in the York Minster chronicle the model is much more based on the twelfth century “deeds of the bishop” tradition and is focussed on the relationship between the bishop and his mother church, so that the specifically ecclesiastical good lordship of the bishop looms large. However, both kinds of chronicle saw bishops as both peacemakers and defenders of the rights of the church.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

Patricia H. Cullum is head of  Department of History and Politics at Huddersfield University since 2003. She is primarily interested in female lay piety, but have more recently been working on masculinity and especially secular clerical masculinity in the later middle ages.

SOURCE:

My Lord Bishop: Chronicles and the Construction of Episcopal Identity in Late Medieval England
By Patricia H. Cullum
In: International Journal of Regional and Local History, Volume 8, Number 1, May 2013 , pp. 40-53(14)
Publisher: Maney Publishing
DOI: http://dx.doi.org.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/10.1179/2051453013Z.0000000005

Medieval Manuscripts and Printed Books from China and Europe ca. 581–1840

NEW RESEARCH: Knowledge Formation and the Great Divergence between China and Europe: Manuscripts and Printed Books, ca. 581–1840

ABSTRACT:
Literature dealing with the history of Chinese printed books and printing is voluminous. Yet studies of how knowledge in general and utilitarian forms of knowledge in particular were generated, accumulated and circulated by printed books and their relationship with the long-term socio-economic transformation of China are rare. This paper aims to open up the subject by examining the long-term trends in the production of manuscripts and books and focusing on the connections between the generation and dissemination of useful knowledge in China and the production and circulation of printed books over the centuries and dynasties from circa 581 to 1840 compared to Europe. It connects trends in this indicator for knowledge formation and diffusion to economic growth, urbanization, changes in higher forms of education, the rise of literacy, the development of printing technologies, and changes in perceptions of the natural world. It concludes that human capital formation in China probably proceeded at a slower rate because of centralised censorship. This is relevant for narratives of the “divergence” between China and Europe. Also as it unfolds today.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Ting Xu, School of Law , Queen’s University , Belfast , Northern Ireland
Ting Xu joined Queen’s Law School as a lecturer in December 2012. Before joining Queen’s, she had been a research fellow at the London School of Economics, working on an interdisciplinary and collaborative European Research Council funded project. She was also a postdoctoral research fellow at the Asia Research Centre, London School of Economics. Her main research interests are in the fields of law, governance and development, property law, socio-legal studies, Chinese law, comparative law, and global economic history. Her work has an interdisciplinary flavour. She is also a research affiliate of Queen’s University Centre for Economic History

SOURCE:
Knowledge Formation and the Great Divergence between China and Europe: Manuscripts and Printed Books, ca. 581–1840
By Ting Xu
In: Journal of Comparative Asian Development: Published online: 30 May 2013
DOI:10.1080/15339114.2013.792455

John of Worcester and the science of history

ABSTRACT:
Although the ‘chronicle of chronicles’ compiled at Worcester c.1095–c.1140 is now firmly attributed to John of Worcester, rather than the monk Florence, major questions remain. A central issue is that the semi-autograph manuscript of the chronicle (now Oxford, Corpus Christi College, MS 157) underwent several alterations to its structure and contents, as codicological evidence demonstrates. These included the incorporation of important illuminations, which have been surprisingly little considered in their overall manuscript context. This article focuses on these illuminations, and will argue that their presence in this version of the chronicle makes it something even more distinctive than the learned, revisionist chronological work of Marianus Scotus upon which it was based. John of Worcester’s chosen images are linked not only to his political narrative but also to theological works and to cutting-edge science, newly translated from Arabic. The presence of such miniatures in a twelfth-century chronicle is unique, and they are central to the final form given to the Worcester chronicle by John of Worcester himself in this key manuscript. Their analysis thus brings into focus the impressive assembly of materials which the chronicle offered to readers, to shape their understanding of on-going events.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Anne E. Lawrence-Mathers, History, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AA , United Kingdom

SOURCE:
John of Worcester and the science of history
By Anne E. Lawrence-Mathers
Journal of Medieval History
Published online: 13 May 2013
DOI:10.1080/03044181.2013.798742

 

Shared devotions: non-Latin responses to Latin sainthood in late medieval Cyprus

ABSTRACT
Convergence among religious rites has long been a favoured subject of study among historians of the Latin East, who have come at it from a variety of different angles, exploiting a wide array of evidence ranging from papal correspondence to works of art. At the level of popular devotion to saints and relics, research has focused on Latin piety expressed towards local Christian cults, relics and pilgrimage sites mainly in the Holy Land and Cyprus. However, the reverse – the devotion Greeks and other Eastern Christians exhibited towards cults and relics of Latin provenance – has been but little explored. This paper examines non-Latin reactions to the emergence of two ‘indigenous’ Latin cults in fourteenth-century Cyprus, those of the Carmelite Peter Thomae and Count John of Montfort. It will be argued that the cults evolved through time in response to the expectations and needs of a ‘Cypriot’ urban public, comprised of both Latins and Greeks of a high social standing.

 ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Michalis Olympiosa, Department of History and Archaeology, University of Cyprus, 75, Kallipoleos Avenue, CY-1678, Nicosia, Cyprus

SOURCE:
Shared devotions: non-Latin responses to Latin sainthood in late medieval Cyprus
Michalis Olympiosa
Journal of Medieval History: Published online: 16 May 2013
Routledge
DOI:10.1080/03044181.2013.795499

Evidence for religious accommodation in Latin Constantinople: a new approach to bilingual liturgical texts

ABSTRACT:
The relationship between conquerors and conquered in the Latin Empire of Constantinople has traditionally been understood as a relentlessly hostile one, particularly on the religious level. Whatever its merits, the dominance of this view has sometimes resulted in the gross misinterpretation of important pieces of evidence. This article examines two unusual liturgical texts that were treated by their discoverers as products of a Latin campaign of liturgical proselytism. The texts themselves are bilingual presentations of the Western rite of mass, with Greek and Latin text presented in an interlinear format. Most unusually, the Latin text is written in Greek characters. This article makes the case, due to internal evidence as well as the broader context of ecclesiastical relations in the Latin Empire, that these texts were created by Greek clerics rather than by Latin authorities, and that their purpose was entirely different from that imagined by their discoverers.

 ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Brendan J. McGuire, Department of History , Christendom College , 134 Christendom Drive, Front Royal, Virginia, USA

SOURCE:
Evidence for religious accommodation in Latin Constantinople: a new approach to bilingual liturgical texts
By Brendan J. McGuire
Journal of Medieval History: Published online: 22 May 2013
DOI:10.1080/03044181.2013.798832

The search for Prester John, a projected crusade and the eroding prestige of Ethiopian kings, c.1200–c.1540

ABSTRACT:
The Prester John myth of a rich and powerful Christian saviour-sovereign beyond the Muslim Middle East was enmeshed for centuries in the desire for a revival of the crusading cause. This article examines a later phase when the legend shifted to Africa, the significance of which has not been wholly appreciated, nor the ensuing contacts between continents fully elaborated. Embassies between Ethiopia and Christian potentates of the Mediterranean – in Aragon, Portugal, Italy and Burgundy – were perceived as exchanges with the Prester. Steps were taken by both sides in the hopes of building a powerful alliance against Islam. Europe gained new information on sub-Saharan Africa and found its racial paradigm challenged. Yet reality could not match all that was imaginatively imposed on Christian Ethiopia, as gradually reflected in historical narratives and literature from the late fifteenth century. The strength of the myth and its impact on global events is nonetheless extraordinary.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Andrew Kurt, Department of History, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America. Currently Dr. Kurt is investigating the many contacts between European and Ethiopian rulers in the 14th to 16th centuries aimed primarily at a Crusade against Muslim states in the Red Sea region. He hopes his examination of Muslim sources and Christian sources (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Ethiopian) will help him to create a narrative of the multi-faceted relations between peoples of different continents at a time of continuing discovery. In May of 2009 he delivered a paper titled “Mapping Prester John as African (1350-1600): the Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese Perspectives,” at the International Medieval Congress at Western Michigan University. In October 2012 he gave a paper at the Southeast Regional Middle East and Islamic Studies Seminar titled “Between Holy War and Symbiosis: the Delicate Balance of Late Medieval Ethiopia, the Neighboring Sultanates, and Mamluk Egypt.” Both are being expanded as articles

SOURCE:
The search for Prester John, a projected crusade and the eroding prestige of Ethiopian kings, c.1200–c.1540
By Andrew Kurt
In Journal of Medieval History: Published online: 22 Apr 2013
Routledge
DOI:10.1080/03044181.2013.789978

 

The Medieval Fold: Power, Repression, and the Emergence of the Individual

the-medieval-foldThe Medieval Fold: Power, Repression, and the Emergence of the Individual (The New Middle Ages)
Suzanne Verderber (Author)
Hardcover: 216 pages
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan (15 May 2013)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 113700097X
ISBN-13: 978-1137000972

Striking cultural developments took place in the twelfth century which led to what historians have termed ‘the emergence of the individual.’ The Medieval Fold demonstrates how cultural developments typically associated with this twelfth-century renaissance—autobiography, lyric, courtly love, romance—can be traced to the Church’s cultivation of individualism. However, subjects did not submit to pastoral power passively, they constructed fantasies and behaviors, redeploying or ‘folding’ it to create new forms of life and culture. Incorporating the work of Nietzsche, Foucault, Lacan, and Deleuze, Suzanne Verderber presents a model of the subject in which the opposition between interior self and external world is dislodged.

Table of contents:

Introduction
1. The Gregorian Reform, Pastoral Power, and Subjection
2. The Courtly Fold: The Subjectivation of Pastoral Power and the Invention of Modern Eroticism
3. Chrétien de Troyes’ Diagram of Power: Perceval
Conclusion

SOURCE:

Palgrave Macmillan

Medieval Crossover: Reading the Secular Against the Sacred

reading-the-sacredMedieval Crossover: Reading the Secular Against the Sacred (Conway Lectures in Medieval Studies)
Barbara Newman (Author)
Paperback: 416 pages
Publisher: University of Notre Dame Press (15 May 2013)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 026803611X
ISBN-13: 978-0268036119

The sacred and the secular in medieval literature have too often been perceived as opposites, or else relegated to separate but unequal spheres. In Medieval Crossover: Reading the Secular against the Sacred, Barbara Newman offers a new approach to the many ways that sacred and secular interact in medieval literature, arguing that (in contrast to our own cultural situation) the sacred was the normative, unmarked default category against which the secular always had to define itself and establish its niche. Newman refers to this dialectical relationship as “crossover”—which is not a genre in itself, but a mode of interaction, an openness to the meeting or even merger of sacred and secular in a wide variety of forms. Newman sketches a few of the principles that shape their interaction: the hermeneutics of “both/and,” the principle of double judgment, the confluence of pagan material and Christian meaning in Arthurian romance, the rule of convergent idealism in hagiographic romance, and the double-edged sword in parody.

Medieval Crossover explores a wealth of case studies in French, English, and Latin texts that concentrate on instances of paradox, collision, and convergence. Newman convincingly and with great clarity demonstrates the widespread applicability of the crossover concept as an analytical tool, examining some very disparate works. These include French and English romances about Lancelot and the Grail; the mystical writing of Marguerite Porete (placed in the context of lay spirituality, lyric traditions, and the Romance of the Rose);multiple examples of parody (sexually obscene, shockingly anti-Semitic, or cleverly litigious); and René of Anjou’s two allegorical dream visions. Some of these texts are scarcely known to medievalists; others are rarely studied together. Newman’s originality in her choice of these primary works will inspire new questions and set in motion new fields of exploration for medievalists working in a large variety of disciplines, including literature, religious studies, history, and cultural studies.

Barbara Newman is professor of English, religious studies, and classics at Northwestern University. She is the author of a number of books, including God and the Goddesses: Vision, Poetry, and Belief in the Middle Ages and Frauenlob’s Song of Songs: A Medieval German Poet and His Masterpiece.

SOURCE:
University of Notre Dame Press

A Renaissance Wedding: The Celebration at Pesaro

a-renaissance-weddingA Renaissance Wedding: The Celebration at Pesaro for the Marriage of Costanzo Sforza & Camilla Marzano D’aragona (26-30 May 1475) (Studies in Medieval and Early Renaissance Art History)
Jane Bridgeman (Author)
Hardcover: 208 pages
Publisher: Harvey Miller Pub (31 May 2013)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 190537593X
ISBN-13: 978-1905375936

This book offers an English translation of the Italian manuscript that commemorated the marriage of Costanzo Sforza Lord of Pesaro and Camilla d’Aragona of Naples, which took place in Pesaro in 1475. Furthermore, this richly illustrated text provides the reader with the necessary historical background and biographical details.

This publication is the first English translation from the Italian of the fascinating contemporary account of the spectacular four-day celebrations that took place in Pesaro in May 1475 to mark the marriage of Costanzo Sforza Lord of Pesaro and Camilla d’Aragona of Naples. The event was commemorated both in manuscript and early print in an anonymous narration that describes in great detail the arrival of the bride and her welcome procession into Pesaro; the actual marriage ceremony and the celebratory banquet that followed; the pageants, presentation of gifts and fireworks that filled the third day; and the final day’s excitement of jousts and yet more theatrical entertainment.

The translation has been made from the early printed text (the incunable in the British Library, I.A.31753 Sforza, Costantio Signore di Pesaro, 1475) and also directly from the unique illustrated presentation manuscript in the Vatican Library (MS Vat. Urb. Lat. 899) which, though previously thought to have been produced in 1480, may in fact have been made at the same time as the incunable edition. It is not known for whom the printed books were intended (7 copies only survive), but it is likely that the prominent dignitaries among the 108 guests – who included Federico da Montefeltro, the groom’s brother-in-law – would have been the recipients of the account when it was printed in November 1475.

This present edition of the text includes all the images that illustrate the original manuscript – 32 full-page miniatures that depict the floats that welcomed the bride at the city gates of Pesaro; the costumed figures at the wedding banquet who represented the presiding Sun and Moon or the male and female messengers of the classical gods and goddesses who announced  the exotic dishes of the 12-course banquet; and further colourful, unusually interesting illustrations of the ballets, fireworks and triumphs of the final two days of the celebrations.

In addition to the Introduction that provides the reader with the historical background and biographical details of the protagonists and personalities of this special occasion, Dr Bridgeman also adds helpful and highly informative annotations to the narration itself.  In addition she provides full descriptions and explanations of the illustrations – all reproduced here in colour – and devotes a separate appendix to listing and explaining all the dishes served at the wedding banquet, together with their ingredients and recipes.

Dr Jane Bridgeman is an Associate Lecturer in Fashion History and Theory at Central St Martin’s College of Art, London.  After graduating in Italian at Birmingham University, she studied History of Dress under Stella Mary Newton at the Courtauld Institute of Art, London where she also gained her Ph.D. on Aspects of Dress and Ceremony in Quattrocento Florence. She has taught at a number of universities and art colleges in the UK and has published numerous articles in English and Italian on the iconography of dress and the history of textiles.

SOURCE:

Brepols Publishers

Medieval European Coinage – The Iberian Peninsula

Medieval-european-coinageMedieval European Coinage: Volume 6, The Iberian Peninsula
Dr Miquel Crusafont (Author), Dr Anna M. Balaguer (Author), Philip Grierson (Author)
Hardcover: 924 pages
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (31 May 2013)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0521260140
ISBN-13: 978-0521260145

This volume, Medieval European Coinage, is the first English-language survey to bring the latest research on the coinage of Spain and Portugal c.1000–1500 to an international audience. A major work of reference by leading numismatic experts, the volume provides an authoritative and up-to-date account of the coinages of Aragon, Catalonia, Castile, Leon, Navarre and Portugal, which have rarely been studied together. It considers how money circulated throughout the peninsula, offering new syntheses of the monetary history of the individual kingdoms and includes an extensive catalogue of the Aragonese, Castilian, Catalan, Leonese, Navarrese and Portuguese coins in the collection of the Fitzwilliam Museum. This major contribution to the field will be a valuable point of reference for the study of medieval history, numismatics and archaeology

Table of contents: 

1. Introduction
2. Finds, hoards and monetary circulation in the Iberian Peninsula
3. The Muslim element
4. The Carolingians and the earliest coinages to c.1100
5. The crown of Catalonia-Aragon
6. The kingdom of Majorca, 1276–1343
7. The kingdom of Navarre
8. The kingdom of Castile-León
9. Kingdom of Portugal
Appendices
Bibliography
Catalogue
Concordances.

SOURCE:
Cambridge University Press

The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature

old-english-literatureThe Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature
(Cambridge Companions to Literature)
Malcolm Godden (Editor), Michael Lapidge (Editor)
Paperback: 376 pages
Publisher: Cambridge University Press; 2 edition (2 May 2013)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0521154022
ISBN-13: 978-0521154024

This book introduces students to the literature of Anglo-Saxon England, the period from 600-1066, in a collection of fifteen specially commissioned essays. The chapters are written by experts, but designed to be accessible to students who may be unfamiliar with Old English. The emphasis throughout is on placing texts in their contemporary context and suggesting ways in which they relate to each other and to the important events and issues of the time. With the help of maps and a chronological table of events the first chapters describe briefly the political, social and ecclesiastical history of the period and how poetry and prose in Latin and in the vernacular developed and flourished. A succinct account of Old English provides beginners with a handy guide to the rules of spelling, grammar and syntax. Subsequent chapters explore the range of Anglo-Saxon writing under different thematic headings. A final bibliography gives guidance on further reading.

Table of Contents:

1 – Anglo-Saxon society and its literature by Patrick Wormald

2 – The Old English language by Helmut Gneuss

3 – The nature of Old English verse by Donald G. Scragg

4 – The nature of Old English prose by Janet Bately

5 – Germanic legend in Old English literature by Roberta Frank

6 – Heroic values and Christian ethics by Katherine O’Brien O’Keeffe

7 – Pagan survivals and popular belief by John D. Niles

8 – Beowulf by Fred C. Robinson

9 – Fatalism and the millennium by Joseph B. Jr Trahern

10 – Perceptions of transience by Christine Fell

11 – Perceptions of eternity by Milton McC. Gatch

12 – Biblical literature by Malcolm Godden

13 – Biblical literature by Barbara C. Raw

14 – The saintly life in Anglo-Saxon England by Michael Lapidge

15 – The world of Anglo-Saxon learning by Patrizia Lendinara

Further reading

Read PDF

pp. 282-291

SOURCE:

Cambridge University Press

 

Runes – A Handbook

runes-a handbookRunes: a Handbook
Michael P. Barnes (Author)
Hardcover: 256 pages
Publisher: Boydell Press; 2013 (2012)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 1843837781
ISBN-13: 978-1843837787

Runes, often considered magical symbols of mystery and power, are in fact an alphabetic form of writing. Derived from one or more Mediterranean prototypes, they were used by Germanic peoples to write different kinds of Germanic language, principally Anglo-Saxon and the various Scandinavian idioms, and were carved into stone, wood, bone, metal, and other hard surfaces; types of inscription range from memorials to the dead, through Christian prayers and everyday messages to crude graffiti. First reliably attested in the second century AD, runes were in due course supplanted by the roman alphabet, though in Anglo-Saxon England they continued in use until the early eleventh century, in Scandinavia until the fifteenth (and later still in one or two outlying areas).
This book provides an accessible, general account of runes and runic writing from their inception to their final demise. It also covers modern uses of runes, and deals with such topics as encoded texts, rune names, how runic inscriptions were made, runological method, and the history of runic research. A final chapter explains where those keen to see runic inscriptions can most easily find them.

Professor Michael P. Barnes is Emeritus Professor of Scandinavian Studies, University College London.

Contents

  • 1  Introduction
  • 2  The origin of the runes
  • 3  The older futhark
  • 4  Inscriptions in the olderfuthark
  • 5  The development of runes in Anglo-Saxon England and Frisia
  • 6  The English and Frisian inscriptions
  • 7  The development of runes in Scandinavia
  • 8  Scandinavian inscriptions of the Viking Age
  • 9  The late Viking-Age and medieval runes
  • 10  Scandinavian inscriptions of the Middle Ages
  • 11  Runic writing in the post-Reformation era
  • 12  Cryptic inscriptions and cryptic runes
  • 13  Runica manuscripta and rune names
  • 14  The making of runic inscriptions
  • 15  The reading and interpretation of runic inscriptions
  • 16  Runes and the imagination: literature and politics
  • 17  A brief history of runology
  • 18  Where to find runic inscriptions
  • 19  Glossary
  • 20  Phonetic and phonemic symbols
  • 21  The articulation of speech sounds
  • 22  Transliteration conventions
  • 23  The spelling of edited texts
  • 24  Index of inscriptions